1. Bệnh hà móng trâu, bò
Nguyên nhân
Gia súc được nuôi trong chuồng ẩm ướt, tích tụ nhiều phân, nước tiểu tạo ra chất độc làm cho móng bị tổn thương hoặc do chuồng quá bẩn, vi khuẩn yếm khí có điều khiện xâm nhập, phân hủy tổ chức ở móng.
Đặc biệt, bò sữa nuôi nhốt, thiếu vận động, mạch máu ở móng kém lưu thông gây ứ huyết hoặc do không sửa móng thường xuyên, móng phát triển không bình thường, nhiều chõ lồi lõm, dị dạng cũng làm móng bị tổn thương, vi khuẩn xâm nhập gây hà móng.
Triệu chứng
Bệnh thường phát ở hai chân sau. Nếu nhẹ, bò vẫn đi lại nhưng chậm chạp, đứng lên nằm xuống khó khăn, mệt mỏi, các cơ bắp thịt chân sau bị run, bò có trọng lượng càng lớn hiện tượng bị run càng rõ. Bệnh nặng khiến con vật què không đi được. Nếu cả hai chân đều bị bệnh, con vật sẽ nằm không đứng dậy được. Do nằm lâu con vật dễ bị chướng hơi dạ cỏ, liệt dạ cỏ hoặc bị loét toàn thân do nhiễm độc.
Kiểm tra phần đáy móng, thấy phần cứng có nhiều vết lõm hình tròn hay bầu dục, to nhỏ khác nhau như vết hà khoai lang. Dùng dao cạo vết lõm, thấy màu đen như than bùn, nát, mùi thối đặc biệt. Chọc sâu vào chỗ hà, con vật sẽ có phản ứng đau.
Điều trị
Dùng dao, nạo móng cắt gọt, nạo hết tổ chức bị hoại tử, đáy móng cắt gọt thật bằng phẳng để không còn lồi lõm, sau đó bôi cồn lốt 5% lên chỗ bị bệnh. Nếu vết thương sâu, phải rắc Oxytetracylin hoặc mỡ Penicillin, bên ngoài bôi Ichthyol. Trong thời gian điều trị chuồng nuôi phải sạch sẽ, độn nhiều cỏ, rơm khô, không để tích tụ phân, nước tiểu trên nền chuồng.
2. Bệnh thối móng ở bò sữa
Bệnh xảy ra với bò sữa nhập nội giống cao sản, do chưa thích nghi với khí hậu nước ta.
Nguyên nhân
Bò sữa nuôi nhốt, thiếu vận động, chuồng nuôi ẩm ướt, tích tụ nhiều phân, nước tiểu, tạo điều kiện cho vi khuẩn yếm khí gây bệnh hoặc do không sửa móng thường xuyên, móng phát triển không bình thường, nhiều chỗ lồi lõm, dị dạng làm móng bị tổn thương, vi khuẩn yếm khí xâm nhập gây bệnh.
Triệu chứng
Bệnh thường phát ở hai chân sau, dưới hai dạng sau:
Dạng ở đáy móng: Giai đoạn đầu con vật có biểu hiện giống như bệnh hà móng. Kiểm tra đáy móng thấy có 1-2 vết loét, dùng dao để gọt thấy càng vào sâu tổ chức móng càng bị hoại tử nặng, tổ chức sừng bị nát mủn, màu đen lẫn với dịch viêm, mùi thối. Con vật bị què, đứng lên nằm xuống khó khăn.
Dạng ở phần mềm của móng: Kẽ móng có vết loét, tạo thành vét thương nhiễm trùng yếm khí ăn sâu vào giữa hai móng và có thể làm hoại tử dây chằng chéo của móng hoặc có thể lan đến khớp giữa đốt ngón thứ hai và thứ ba của ngón chân. Trong trường hợp này con vật què rất nặng không di lại được, chỉ nằm tại chỗ. nếu không điều trị kịp thời có khả năng nhiễm độc toàn thân hoặc bị kế phát các bệnh đường tiêu hóa mà chết.
Điều trị
Trương hợp bị thối ở đáy móng, điều trị như phần hà móng. Trường hợp viêm hoại tử ở phần mềm của móng có nguy cơ viêm lan đến khớp ngón chân, phải dùng phẫu thuật cắt bỏ ngón chân, để ngăn ngừa nhiễm độc tòan thân.
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