Kể từ cuối những năm 1990, nhiều nghiên cứu trên thế giới đã tập trung vào Coronavirus gây bệnh viêm phúc mạc truyền nhiễm ở mèo (FIP), là một bệnh nghiêm trọng và thường gây tử vong ở mèo.
SARS-CoV-2 đã thay đổi hoàn toàn cuộc sống của chúng ta, gây ra hàng trăm nghìn nạn nhân trên toàn thế giới và ảnh hưởng đến lối sống và thói quen của chúng ta.
Một số tác giả mô tả các khía cạnh quan trọng nhất của FIP và COVID-19 và những điểm giống và khác nhau giữa các bệnh quan trọng này. SARS-CoV-2 và Feline coronavirus (FcoV) là những virus ở xa về mặt phân loại, và các khả năng tái tổ hợp với các coronavirus khác đã được báo cáo cho FCoV và đã được đề xuất cho SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 và FCoV khác nhau về một số đặc điểm gây bệnh, lâm sàng và giải phẫu bệnh. Tuy nhiên, một số hiện tượng gây bệnh và sinh miễn dịch đã biết rõ ở mèo FIP dường như cũng có ở những người bị COVID-19. Hơn nữa, các biện pháp phòng ngừa được khuyến nghị hiện nay để ngăn chặn sự lây lan của SARS-CoV-2 đã giúp hỗ trợ điều trị FIP trong các hộ gia đình nuôi mèo.
Để tránh tái tổ hợp, khuyến nghị cách ly vật nuôi tại nhà như một chiến lược tốt hơn để kiểm soát sự lây lan của SARS-CoV-2 sang người, tỷ lệ mèo cưng bị nhiễm bệnh dường như rất thấp để trở thành mối đe dọa cho chủ sở hữu. Hiện tại, có bằng chứng cho thấy SARS-CoV-2 đã lây nhiễm bệnh cho mèo ở Vũ Hán, Trung Quốc, gần đây đã được chỉ ra qua kết quả huyết thanh dương tính ở hai con mèo. Hơn nữa, kết quả dương tính với SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR đã được ghi nhận ở hai con mèo: một con mèo từ Bỉ (dương tính với phân và chất nôn) và một con mèo từ Hồng Kông (dương tính với mẫu từ khoang miệng, mũi và trực tràng). Cả hai con mèo đều thuộc về chủ sở hữu dương tính với COVID-19. Theo báo cáo của Tổ chức Thú y Thế giới (OIE, 2020), chỉ có con mèo Bỉ có các dấu hiệu lâm sàng nhẹ về hô hấp và dạ dày, trong khi con mèo còn lại không có triệu chứng, theo báo cáo của Tổ chức Thú y Thế giới (OIE, 2020). Gần đây hơn, ba con mèo được phát hiện dương tính ở Hoa Kỳ, hai con có các triệu chứng hô hấp nhẹ và một con bị sốt, tổn thương miệng và loét trên lưỡi nhưng chỉ có hai con thuộc về chủ sở hữu dương tính với COVID-19 (Newman và cộng sự, 2020; OIE, năm 2020). Hai con mèo có dấu hiệu hô hấp do người chủ nghi ngờ nhiễm COVID-19 ở Pháp trước đây cũng cho kết quả dương tính (OIE, 2020; Sailleau et al., 2020). Kết quả thử nghiệm dương tính cũng được báo cáo ở một con mèo từ Đức, một con mèo từ Nga và hai con mèo từ Tây Ban Nha (OIE, 2020). Ba con mèo đã có kết quả xét nghiệm dương tính với SARS-CoV-2 ở Hà Lan (Hossain et al., 2020). Con đường lây truyền sang mèo từ Hà Lan không được biết đến nhưng điều thú vị là những con mèo này sống trong một trang trại nuôi chồn, nơi những con chồn được báo cáo là bị nhiễm SARS-CoV-2. Hơn nữa, sư tử và hổ đã bị ảnh hưởng, kể từ khi các trường hợp được ghi nhận trong một vườn thú ở New York (OIE, 2020; Wang, Mitchell, et al., 2020).
Tuy nhiên, một báo cáo trước đây về khả năng nhạy cảm của mèo với SARS-CoV liên quan chặt chẽ đã được xuất bản vào đầu những năm 2000, với sự hiện diện của kháng thể ở những con mèo bị nhiễm bệnh không có triệu chứng (Martina và cộng sự, 2003). Mặc dù tần suất tái tổ hợp thấp với các CoV khác, FCoV có độ biến động cao trong quần thể mèo. Tần số đột biến, đặc biệt là ở một số vùng của FCoV RNA, rất cao và tốc độ sao chép cao của FCoV trong ruột của những con mèo bị ảnh hưởng dẫn đến việc tạo ra ‘quasispecies’ ở mỗi con mèo. Một số biến thể mới này có thể mang những đột biến, nếu kết hợp với phản ứng miễn dịch đặc biệt của mèo bị nhiễm bệnh, có khả năng đóng một vai trò quan trọng trong cơ chế bệnh sinh của FIP.
Những nghiên cứu về khả năng biến đổi, tái tổ hợp của virus gây bệnh trên người và động vật vẫn tiếp tục được thực hiện, đặc biệt với các virus nguy hiểm như virus cúm gia cầm, virus Corona…và luôn đòi hỏi phải tìm ra lời giải cho những thách thức bởi các sinh vật nhỏ bé này.
Bản dịch theo Saverio Paltrinieri và cộng sự, Transbound Emerg Dis. 2021;68:1786–1799.
DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13856
Hình 1. Phân loại Họ Coronaviridae gây bệnh ở người và động vật (https://www.mea.boehringer-ingelheim.com/covid-19-protecting-humans-animals/coronavirus-pets-and-humans-learn-differences)
English
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