36. 37. Pullorum disease is an acute systemic disease in chickens and turkey poults. The infection is trans-mitted with eggs and is commonly characterized by a white diarrhoea and high death rate, whereas adult birds are asymptomatic earners. The morbidity and the mortality rates increase about the 7th – 10th day after hatching. The affected chickens appear somnolent, depressed and their growth is retarded. The feathers around the vent in many chickens is stained with diarrhoeic faeces or pasted with dry faeces.
38. The oedema of tibiotarsal joints is a frequent associated sign. Pullorum disease is widely distributed among all age groups of chickens and turkeys. The highest losses are in birds under the age of 4 weeks.
39. 40. The aetiological agent is S. pullorum, a non-motile Gram-negative microorganism. S. pullorum is very resistant under moderate climatic conditions and could survive for months. It could be killed by fumigation with formaldehyde of breeder eggs in the hatchery. Typical for this form are the greyish-whitish nodes in one or some of the following places: heart (39), lungs, liver, gizzard walls (40) and intestines, the peritoneum.
Sometimes, greyish-whitish milliary necroses are found out in the liver. S. pullorum is transmitted by infected eggs of layer hens that are carriers. Many hatched infected chickens spread the microorganism by a horizontal route to other birds via the gastrointestinal and the urinary tracts. Adult carrier birds also spread the agent through their excreta.
42. Ureters are often filled with urates. For confirmation of the diagnosis, 5. pullorum should be isolated and typed. Pullorum disease must be differentiated from other salmonelloses, E. coli infections, Aspergillus that produces similar pulmonary lesions. Staphylococcus aureus, causing arthrites etc. Sometimes, the pulmonary nodes resemble the tumours in Marek’s disease.
43. Acute fowl typhoid. The outbreaks usually begin with a sharp decline in forage consumption and egg production. The fertilization and hatchability rates are considerably reduced. Diarrhoea appears. The death rate in acute fowl typhoid is high and varies between 10% and 90%. About 1/3 of chickens hatched from eggs from typhoid-infected flocks die. A characteristic lesion for acute fowl typhoid in adult birds is the enlarged and bronze greenish tint of liver.
. 44. . Acute fowl typhoid. In some instances, the enlarged liver is mottled with multiple milliary necroses. The outbreaks are observed primarily in hens and turkeys, but the disease is sometimes encountered in other domestic or wild fowl.
45. Acute fowl typhoid. In other cases, the size of liver necroses varies from milliary to spots with a diameter of 1 – 2 cm. Unlike pullorum disease, fowl typhoid is lasting for months.
46. Acute fowl typhoid. The spleen is 2-3 times bigger, sometimes with greyish-whitish nodules prominating on the surface, representing hyperplasic follicles.
47. Acute fowl typhoid. Often, enteritis, especially of the anterior part of small intestine, sometimes with ulcerations, is present. The aetiological agent is Salmonella gallinarum. This organism usually shares common antigens with 5. pullorum and the two microorganisms often give a cross-agglutination reaction.
48. Acute fowl typhoid. More rarely, myocardial necroses due to Salmonella toxins are detected. The transmission of the infection by contaminated eggs is especially important. Moreover, the transmission of 5. gallinarum occurs mainly among growing or productive flocks and the death rate among adult birds is higher.
49. Acute fowl typhoid. The lungs acquire a characteristic brown colour. Here, necroses and, following their organization, „sarcoma-like nodules”
50. Chronic fowl typhoid. The lesions are primarily in the gonads. The ovaries are affected by inflammatory and degenerative changes.
51 Chronic fowl typhoid. Frequently, affected follicles are deformed and appear like thick pendulating masses. Fowl typhoid should be differentiated from other salmonelloses, E. coli infections, Pasteurella spp. infections etc. If breeder flocks are proved to be carriers of the infection, their eggs should not be used for breeding.
52. Chronic fowl typhoid. Sometimes, the going out of yolk from degenerated follicles results in fibrinous adhesive peritonitis. Taking into consideration that chemotherapy does not eliminate the carriership, the treatment of poultry infected with fowl typhoid or pullorum disease is not justified and is never recommended.
36. 37. Pullorum disease is an acute systemic disease in chickens and turkey poults. The infection is trans-mitted with eggs and is commonly characterized by a white diarrhoea and high death rate, whereas adult birds are asymptomatic earners. The morbidity and the mortality rates increase about the 7th – 10th day after hatching. The affected chickens appear somnolent, depressed and their growth is retarded. The feathers around the vent in many chickens is stained with diarrhoeic faeces or pasted with dry faeces.
38. The oedema of tibiotarsal joints is a frequent associated sign. Pullorum disease is widely distributed among all age groups of chickens and turkeys. The highest losses are in birds under the age of 4 weeks.
39. 40. The aetiological agent is S. pullorum, a non-motile Gram-negative microorganism. S. pullorum is very resistant under moderate climatic conditions and could survive for months. It could be killed by fumigation with formaldehyde of breeder eggs in the hatchery. Typical for this form are the greyish-whitish nodes in one or some of the following places: heart (39), lungs, liver, gizzard walls (40) and intestines, the peritoneum.
Sometimes, greyish-whitish milliary necroses are found out in the liver. S. pullorum is transmitted by infected eggs of layer hens that are carriers. Many hatched infected chickens spread the microorganism by a horizontal route to other birds via the gastrointestinal and the urinary tracts. Adult carrier birds also spread the agent through their excreta.
42. Ureters are often filled with urates. For confirmation of the diagnosis, 5. pullorum should be isolated and typed. Pullorum disease must be differentiated from other salmonelloses, E. coli infections, Aspergillus that produces similar pulmonary lesions. Staphylococcus aureus, causing arthrites etc. Sometimes, the pulmonary nodes resemble the tumours in Marek’s disease.
43. Acute fowl typhoid. The outbreaks usually begin with a sharp decline in forage consumption and egg production. The fertilization and hatchability rates are considerably reduced. Diarrhoea appears. The death rate in acute fowl typhoid is high and varies between 10% and 90%. About 1/3 of chickens hatched from eggs from typhoid-infected flocks die. A characteristic lesion for acute fowl typhoid in adult birds is the enlarged and bronze greenish tint of liver.
. 44. . Acute fowl typhoid. In some instances, the enlarged liver is mottled with multiple milliary necroses. The outbreaks are observed primarily in hens and turkeys, but the disease is sometimes encountered in other domestic or wild fowl.
45. Acute fowl typhoid. In other cases, the size of liver necroses varies from milliary to spots with a diameter of 1 – 2 cm. Unlike pullorum disease, fowl typhoid is lasting for months.
46. Acute fowl typhoid. The spleen is 2-3 times bigger, sometimes with greyish-whitish nodules prominating on the surface, representing hyperplasic follicles.
47. Acute fowl typhoid. Often, enteritis, especially of the anterior part of small intestine, sometimes with ulcerations, is present. The aetiological agent is Salmonella gallinarum. This organism usually shares common antigens with 5. pullorum and the two microorganisms often give a cross-agglutination reaction.
48. Acute fowl typhoid. More rarely, myocardial necroses due to Salmonella toxins are detected. The transmission of the infection by contaminated eggs is especially important. Moreover, the transmission of 5. gallinarum occurs mainly among growing or productive flocks and the death rate among adult birds is higher.
49. Acute fowl typhoid. The lungs acquire a characteristic brown colour. Here, necroses and, following their organization, „sarcoma-like nodules”
50. Chronic fowl typhoid. The lesions are primarily in the gonads. The ovaries are affected by inflammatory and degenerative changes.
51 Chronic fowl typhoid. Frequently, affected follicles are deformed and appear like thick pendulating masses. Fowl typhoid should be differentiated from other salmonelloses, E. coli infections, Pasteurella spp. infections etc. If breeder flocks are proved to be carriers of the infection, their eggs should not be used for breeding.
52. Chronic fowl typhoid. Sometimes, the going out of yolk from degenerated follicles results in fibrinous adhesive peritonitis. Taking into consideration that chemotherapy does not eliminate the carriership, the treatment of poultry infected with fowl typhoid or pullorum disease is not justified and is never recommended.
Tiếng Việt
1
مرحبًا، أعتقد أن هذه مدونة ممتازة. لقد عثرت عليها بالصدفة ;
på grund af denne vidunderlige læsning !!! Jeg kunne bestemt virkelig godt lide hver eneste lille smule af det, og jeg
1
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Também tenho o seu livro marcado para ver coisas novas no seu blog.
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) سأعيد زيارتها مرة أخرى لأنني قمت بوضع علامة كتاب عليها. المال والحرية هي أفضل طريقة للتغيير، أتمنى أن تكون غنيًا و
muito dele está a aparecer em toda a Internet sem o meu acordo.
) سأعيد زيارتها مرة أخرى لأنني قمت بوضع علامة كتاب عليها. المال والحرية هي أفضل طريقة للتغيير، أتمنى أن تكون غنيًا و
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že spousta z něj se objevuje na internetu bez mého souhlasu.
Fiquei muito feliz em descobrir este site. Preciso de agradecer pelo vosso tempo
Podem recomendar outros blogues/sites/fóruns que tratem dos mesmos temas?
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Também tenho o seu livro marcado para ver coisas novas no seu blog.
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Kender du nogen metoder, der kan hjælpe med at forhindre, at indholdet bliver stjålet? Det ville jeg sætte stor pris på.
fortsæt med at guide andre. Jeg var meget glad for at afdække dette websted. Jeg er nødt til at takke dig for din tid
råb ud og sig, at jeg virkelig nyder at læse gennem dine blogindlæg.
Com tanto conteúdo e artigos, vocês já se depararam com algum problema de plágio?
ocenili váš obsah. Dejte mi prosím vědět.
مرحبًا، أعتقد أن هذه مدونة ممتازة. لقد عثرت عليها بالصدفة ;
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skupině? Je tu spousta lidí, o kterých si myslím, že by se opravdu
Muito obrigado!}
Também tenho o seu livro marcado para ver coisas novas no seu blog.
webové stránky jsou opravdu pozoruhodné pro lidi zkušenosti, dobře,
nenarazili jste někdy na problémy s plagorismem nebo porušováním autorských práv? Moje webové stránky mají spoustu unikátního obsahu, který jsem vytvořil.
enten oprettet mig selv eller outsourcet, men det ser ud til
que eu mesmo criei ou terceirizei, mas parece que
enten oprettet mig selv eller outsourcet, men det ser ud til
Podem recomendar outros blogues/sites/fóruns que tratem dos mesmos temas?
at web, except I know I am getting familiarity all the time by reading thes pleasant posts.|Fantastic post. I will also be handling some of these problems.|Hello, I think this is a great blog. I happened onto it;) I have bookmarked it and will check it out again. The best way to change is via wealth and independence. May you prosper and never stop mentoring others.|I was overjoyed to find this website. I must express my gratitude for your time because this was an amazing read! I thoroughly enjoyed reading it, and I’ve bookmarked your blog so I can check out fresh content in the future.|Hi there! If I shared your blog with my Facebook group, would that be okay? I believe there are a lot of people who would truly value your article.|منشور رائع. سأتعامل مع بعض هذه|
que eu mesmo criei ou terceirizei, mas parece que
díky tomuto nádhernému čtení! Rozhodně se mi líbil každý kousek z toho a já
fortsæt med at guide andre. Jeg var meget glad for at afdække dette websted. Jeg er nødt til at takke dig for din tid
fortsæt det gode arbejde stipendiater. Med at have så meget indhold og artikler gør du det
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reading this weblog’s post to be updated daily.
pokračovat v tom, abyste vedli ostatní.|Byl jsem velmi šťastný, že jsem objevil tuto webovou stránku. Musím vám poděkovat za váš čas
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مرحبًا، أعتقد أن هذه مدونة ممتازة. لقد عثرت عليها بالصدفة ;
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Muito obrigado!}
fortsæt det gode arbejde stipendiater. Med at have så meget indhold og artikler gør du det
) سأعيد زيارتها مرة أخرى لأنني قمت بوضع علامة كتاب عليها. المال والحرية هي أفضل طريقة للتغيير، أتمنى أن تكون غنيًا و
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gruppe? Der er mange mennesker, som jeg tror virkelig ville
meget af det dukker op overalt på internettet uden min aftale.
) Vou voltar a visitá-lo uma vez que o marquei no livro. O dinheiro e a liberdade são a melhor forma de mudar, que sejas rico e continues a orientar os outros.
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